This is an archived copy of the original TRANSECT project website (www.transect.de), preserved for reference. The project has ended and the site is no longer maintained.


TRANSECT
Agrarian Transformations and Social-Ecological Complexities
Local Bioeconomy Scenarios in Central and South Asia

The junior research group TRANSECT investigates the social-ecological effects and interdependencies of agrarian transformations in Central and South Asia. Based on an in-depth understanding of past developments, we evaluate potential pathways towards a bioeconomy in the agrarian sector. Bioeconomy – or bio-based economy – is understood as comprehensive utilisation of agrarian and other renewable biological resources to secure food, industrial production, and bioenergy. This approach follows the long-term goal to reduce dependency on fossil fuels. The concept of bioeconomy has increasingly been adopted in policy strategies for sustainable development. Its strong emphasis on technological innovation and production growth, however, raises a number of questions. Based on the evaluation of previous experiences, we ask what kinds of social and ecological consequences can be projected from further intensifying agricultural production schemes? What types of technologies are beneficial for whom? How to make efficient use of agricultural residues in a locally adapted and sustainable manner? 

These and other questions will be scrutinised in empirical case studies in Pakistan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan, thereby focusing on regions, which have been subjected to vast agricultural interventions in the past. Moreover, the growth of China’s bioeconomy sector and the progress of the ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ are expected to shape future agricultural developments in the region. The research group provides in-depth analyses of local effects, opportunities and risks of agricultural intensification and other transformation pathways. Furthermore, we aim to generate a practice-oriented, integrative and participatory methodology in order to develop policy scenarios towards more socially just and ecologically sustainable bioeconomy pathways. 

Funding and Host Institutions

TRANSECT is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) with a grant of 2.62 million euros. The project is being carried out over a period of six years, from May 2019 to April 2025. Projektträger Jülich Research Centre is entrusted with managing the BMBF grant for the TRANSECT research project within the research scheme “Bioeconomy as Societal Change.” The research team is hosted by the Centre for Econics and Ecosystem Management at the Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development (HNEE).
Research Design 

Central to the project is the collection of empirical data from three case studies, with the aim of investigating local manifestations of agricultural change. Inspired by assemblage theory and theories of complex adaptive systems, agriculture is conceptualised as dynamic social-ecological arrangement. Agricultural change is always co-produced by a variety of social, natural, technical and political constituents, our research draws therefore strongly on integrative methods.

Three local case studies are being conducted in the Punjab (Pakistan), Khatlon (Tajikistan) and Almaty (Kazakhstan) regions, and the study is complemented by two cross-cutting research modules, one investigating the ecological dimension of agricultural transformations in more detail, and the other focusing on China’s role as an emerging stakeholder in the region, particularly in the realm of its growing bioeconomy sector. Departing from empirical analyses of past and current trends, we explore potential future pathways: through a series of participatory workshops in the three study regions, the research group is developing local bioeconomy scenarios that will reveal possible social-ecological risks and identify potential leverage points for proactive management strategies.

Research Goals 

Theory

Gain more systemic knowledge of local manifestations of agricultural transformation processes in fragile social-ecological systems

Gain new insights into the social-ecological risks and opportunities of agricultural transformations towards a bioeconomy




Methodology

Develop and test an integrative and participatory methodology of analysis, scenario development and risk-sensitive management of local bioeconomic transformation pathways

Utilise this methodology for rural planning and development practice




Region

Gain a deeper understanding of current pathways of agricultural change and their local implications in Central and South Asia

Compile local knowledge on ecologically adapted, socially sustainable production systems and practices, and make them available to academia and development practice

Gain new insights into regional implications of China's growing bioeconomy sector in the context of the ‘Belt and Road Initiative’

 Publications


Hofman, I., & Spies, M. (2026). Introduction to the symposium 'Beyond paradigms: Eclectic pathways of agrarian change'. Agriculture and Human Values, 43(2), Article 103.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-026-10894-6


Raab, C., Nguyen, V. D., Barrett, B., Zakirova, A., Zuberi, M., Alff, H., & Spies, M. (2026). Crop type classification in smallholder agriculture of Central and South Asia using Sentinel-1/2 data fusion. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 42, 102007.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2026.102007


Spies, M., & Hofman, I. (2026). Pragmatic progress? Trade-offs and seed choices in Tajikistan. Agriculture and Human Values, 43(2), Article 67.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-026-10855-z


Zuberi, M., Spies, M., & Nielsen, J. Ø. (2026). The making and unmaking of the Bacillus thuringiensis cotton assemblage in South Punjab, Pakistan. Geoforum, 171, 104578.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2026.104578


Alff, H., & Borissova, Y. (2025). On the frontline towards resource independence: Agronomical knowledge and farming experiments with the fibre plant kendyr' in Soviet Central Asia. Central Asian Survey, 1–19.

https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2025.2574491


Spies, M. (2025). Local seed systems and Global China: The spread of Chinese hybrid seeds in Pakistan and Tajikistan. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 1–28.

https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2025.2462762


Spies, M., Alff, H., Zakirova, A., & Zuberi, M. (2025). Cultivating knowledge for farming futures: Insights from participatory stakeholder workshops in Central and South Asia. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 1–26.

https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2025.2573495


Spies, M., Zakirova, A., Zuberi, M., Schick, A., & Alff, H. (2025). Participatory Strategy Development for Sustainable Biomass Production (PARSCO): A practical guide using the MARISCO toolbox. Hochschule für nachhaltige Entwicklung Eberswalde.

https://doi.org/10.57741/OPUS4-992


Zakirova, A., Alff, H., & Schmidt, M. (2025). Unequal fields: Political ecology perspective on organic cotton production in Tajikistan. Organic Agriculture.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-025-00491-y


Zuberi, M., Spies, M., & Østergaard Nielsen, J. (2025). Constrained spatial imaginaries of smallholder farmers: Perspectives from South Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 22(1), 2536263.

https://doi.org/10.1080/1943815X.2025.2536263


Spies, M. (2024). Agriculture and Chinese agribusiness investments in the context of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. In P. Abb, F. Boni, & H. H. Karrar (Eds.), China, Pakistan and the Belt and Road Initiative: The experience of an early adopter state (pp. 33–51). Routledge.

https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032633411-3


Spies, M., Alff, H., Raab, C., Zakirova, A., & Zuberi, M. (Eds.). (2024). Sustainable food and biomass futures? Localised approaches to agricultural change and bioeconomy.

https://doi.org/10.57741/OPUS4-837


Zuberi, M., Spies, M., & Nielsen, J. Ø. (2024). Is there a future for smallholder farmers in bioeconomy? The case of 'improved' seeds in South Punjab, Pakistan. Forest Policy and Economics, 158, 103100.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2023.103100


Alff, H. (2023). Maize-farming forever? Path dependency and friction in south-east Kazakhstan's 'post-Soviet' borderland agriculture. Central Asian Affairs, 10(3), 270–292.

https://doi.org/10.30965/22142290-bja10040


Alff, H., Konysbayev, T., & Salmyrzauly, R. (2023). Old stereotypes and new openness: Discourses and practices of trans-border re- and disconnection in south-eastern Kazakhstan's agricultural sector. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 64(7–8), 896–918.

https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2023.2169184


Alff, H., & Spies, M. (2023). Coexistence or competition for resources? Transboundary transformations of natural resource use in China's neighborhood. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 64(7–8), 797–810.

https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2023.2258150


Raab, C., & Spies, M. (2023). Characterising cropland fragmentation in post-Soviet Central Asia, using Landsat remote-sensing time series data. Applied Geography, 156, 102968.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2023.102968


Spies, M. (2023). Promises and perils of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: Agriculture and export prospects in northern Pakistan. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 64(7–8), 869–895.

https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2021.2016456


Spies, M., Alff, H., Missall, S., & Welp, M. (2023). Path dependencies of (un-)sustainable land use in Central Asia. Central Asian Affairs, 10, 239–269.

https://doi.org/10.30965/22142290-bja10039


Zakirova, A., Alff, H., & Schmidt, M. (2023a). Cash crop or food crop? Socioeconomic and geopolitical factors affecting smallholder farmer crop selection in times of crisis in south-western Tajikistan. Frontiers in Agronomy, 5, 1228165.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1228165


Zakirova, A., Alff, H., & Schmidt, M. (2023b). Is the new path a modified old path? Smallholder farmers' perspectives on cotton farming in Khatlon, Tajikistan. Central Asian Affairs, 10(3), 213–238.

https://doi.org/10.30965/22142290-bja10038


Alff, H. (2022). Post-Soviet decline or China-induced prosperity? Agricultural and socio-economic change in the Kazakhstan-China borderlands. In S. von Löwis & B. Eschment (Eds.), Post-Soviet borders (pp. 206–220). Routledge.


Spies, M. (2022). Der Chinesisch-Pakistanische Wirtschaftskorridor: Versprechen und Widersprüche für den Agrarsektor Pakistans. Geographische Rundschau, 75(4), 16–19.


Spies, M., Zuberi, M., Mählis, M., Zakirova, A., Alff, H., & Raab, C. (2022). Towards a participatory systems approach to managing complex bioeconomy interventions in the agrarian sector. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 31, 557–568.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2022.03.020


Zuberi, M., Raab, C., & Spies, M. (2022). Landnutzungswandel im Baumwollgürtel Pakistans: Gen-Baumwolle, Agrardiversifizierung und ökologische Herausforderungen im Süden des Punjab. Geographische Rundschau, 75(4), 20–25.


Alff, H., Schmidt, M., Spies, M., & Steenberg, R. (2021). Layered legacies – An introduction. In M. Schmidt, R. Steenberg, M. Spies, & H. Alff (Eds.), Beyond post-Soviet: Layered legacies and transformations in Central Asia (Vol. 33, pp. 4–6). Universität Augsburg.


Spies, M., Schick, A., Karomatov, S., Bakokhoja, B., Zikriyokhon, K., Jobirov, S., Bloch, R., & Ibisch, P. L. (2021). Adapting a participatory and ecosystem-based assessment impacted by the pandemic: Lessons learned with farmers in Tajikistan. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5, 750252.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.750252


Spies, M., & Welp, M. (2021). Stakeholder-based knowledge mapping for re-establishing agroforestry systems in Central Asia. In M. Schmidt, R. Steenberg, M. Spies, & H. Alff (Eds.), Beyond post-Soviet: Layered legacies and transformations in Central Asia (Vol. 33, pp. 38–48). Universität Augsburg.


Zuberi, M. (2021). Between disconnects and flows: Reflections on doing fieldwork in rural South Punjab during the Covid-19 pandemic. Südasien-Chronik – South Asia Chronicle, 11/2021, 521–540.


Alff, H., & Spies, M. (2020). Pfadabhängigkeiten in der Bioökonomie überwinden? Landwirtschaftliche Intensivierungsprozesse aus sozial-ökologischer Perspektive. PERIPHERIE, 159/160(40), 334–359.

https://doi.org/10.3224/peripherie.v40i3-4.06


Ruppert, D., Welp, M., Spies, M., & Thevs, N. (2020). Farmers' perceptions of tree shelterbelts on agricultural land in rural Kyrgyzstan. Sustainability, 12(3), 1093.

https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031093


Spies, M. (2020a). Agrarwandel und sozial-ökologische Nachhaltigkeit. Wissenschaftsjahr 2020-21.

https://www.wissenschaftsjahr.de/2020-21/aktuelles-aus-der-biooekonomie/koepfe-des-wandels/agrarwandel-und-sozial-oekologische-nachhaltigkeit


Spies, M. (2020b). Commercialization versus de-intensification? Markets, livelihoods and agricultural change in northern Pakistan. ASIEN, 156/157, 79–101.

https://doi.org/10.11588/asien.2020.156/157.15352


Spies, M., & Alff, H. (2020). Assemblages and complex adaptive systems: A conceptual crossroads for integrative research? Geography Compass, 14(10), e12534.

https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12534


Zuberi, M. (2020). Agriculture in flux: Insights into agricultural transformations and possible scenarios in South Punjab, Pakistan. In A. Follmann, J. Müller, & G. C. Falk (Eds.), Aktuelle Forschungsbeiträge zu Südasien, 10. Jahrestagung des AK Südasien, 24./25. Januar 2020 (pp. 31–34). Freiburg.




Selected Posters



Zuberi, M., Spies, M., Mählis, M., Alff, H., Zakirova, A., Raab, C. (2021) Participatory knowledge mapping as a basis of decision making for sustainable agrarian land use systems, poster presented at Landscape 2021 - Diversity for Sustainable and Resilient Agriculture , Berlin, 20-22 September 2021. 

(PDF)



Raab, C and Spies, M. (2019) Object-based characterisation of agricultural land use

trajectories in Central Asia, poster presented at 9th Advanced Training Course on Land Remote Sensing: Agriculture, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 16-20 September 2019.

(PDF)




Research Team

Dr. Michael Spies

Dr. Michael Spies

Group leader

Michael is a human geographer with broad experience in transdisciplinary human-environmental research. As initiator and group leader of TRANSECT, his main research interests are reflected in the project design and include social-ecological dynamics of farming systems, participatory approaches to natural resource management, and transboundary perspectives of agrarian change in Central Asia and Pakistan.

Research interests

  • Agricultural transformation processes
  • Agroforestry
  • Transboundary dimensions of farming systems
  • Central Asia and Pakistan
  • Participatory approaches to natural resource management
  • Theories of human-environmental relations
Dr Henryk Alff

Dr Henryk Alff

Senior researcher

Trained in Human Geography and Area Studies (Slavic and Central Asian Studies), Henryk draws on eighteen years of experience in development and transformation research in different regional contexts. Based on long-term fieldwork, his work in the TRANSECT project scrutinises the various political, socio-economic and ecological transitions in the agricultural sector of south-eastern Kazakhstan.

Research interests

  • Migration and mobility research
  • Geographical development research
  • Border & boundary studies
  • (Post-) area studies
  • Translocality and positionality
  • Critical spatial theory
  • Actor-based and ethnographical approaches
  • Qualitative social research
Dr. Christoph Raab

Dr. Christoph Raab

Postdoctoral researcher

Christoph is a geographer by training with a focus on remote sensing and nature conservation. He is especially interested in the application of machine learning algorithms to understand changes in agricultural land use and grassland ecosystems.

Research interests

  • Satellite remote sensing
  • Machine learning
  • Change analysis
  • Grassland ecosystems
  • Biodiversity and nature conservation
Aksana Zakirova

Aksana Zakirova

PhD researcher

Aksana has a grounded knowledge in major development problems in the agricultural sector in Central Asia. Her research is on agricultural transformations in rural Tajikistan, with a particular focus on cotton production. Building up on her past work experience in rural Kyrgyzstan and her knowledge of Russian, Aksana is a great asset to the research group.

Research interests

  • Agricultural transformations
  • Community development
  • Value chain analyses of aquaculture production
  • Climate change impact on aquaculture production
  • Central Asia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyz Republic
Mehwish Zuberi

Mehwish Zuberi

PhD researcher

Mehwish has a keen interest in sustainability transitions underpinned by social equity. Her previous research experiences encompass community based natural resource management, cross-sectoral natural resource policies, and multi-level governance with a regional focus on Europe and South Asia. As part of the TRANSECT project, she will conduct in-depth field research on agricultural transformations in Punjab, Pakistan.

Research interests

  • Forest and environmental policy analysis
  • Socio-ecological sustainability of bioeconomy
  • Agricultural transformations
  • South Asia

Madlen Mählis

Project coordinator

Institutional Afilliations

TRANSECT is affiliated with the Department of Socioeconomics & Communication and member of the  Centre for Econics and Ecosystem Management at the Faculty of Forest and Environment of Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development. Professor Martin Welp, Chair of Socioeconomics & Communication, is principal advisor to the TRANSECT research project. Professor Pierre Ibisch, Co-director of the Centre for Econics, advises on our scenario-building methodology.

   

   Professor Martin Welp


   Eberswalde University of Sustainable Development

   

   Professor Pierre Ibisch


   Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development

Partner Institutions

   Muhammad Nawaz Shareef  

   University of Agriculture, 

   Multan, Pakistan


   Professor Asif Ali

   Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 

   National Republican Centre for Genetic Resources


   Professor Karomatov Sharofiddin Sharifovich 

   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 

   Department of Biology and Biotechnology


   Professor Sabir Nurtazin

   Lanzhou University, 

   International Centre for Tibetan Plateau Ecosystem Management


   Professor Long Ruijun

Augsburg University, Institute of Geography, 

Chair of Human Geography and Transition Research


                             Professor Matthias Schmidt


   Humboldt-Universität of Berlin, 

   Integrated Research Institute on 

   Transformations of Human-Environment 

   Systems (IRITHESys)


   Professor Jonas Østergaard Nielsen


External Advisors

   

   Dr Ralf Bloch


   Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development

   

   Dr Andrei Dörre


   Freie Universität Berlin


   Dr Irna Hofman


   University of Oxford

   

   Dr Ulan Kasymov


   Technische Universität Dresden

   

   Professor Hermann Kreutzmann


   Freie Universität Berlin

   

   Dr Daniel Müller


   Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies

   

   Professor Jonas Østergaard Nielsen


   Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin


   

   Professor Martin Petrick


   Giessen University

   

   Dr Fabricio Rodríguez


   Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 

   

   Professor Matthias Schmidt


   Augsburg University

Partner Projects

A number of projects work in research areas related to the TRANSECT project, many of whom we regularly collaborate and exchange ideas with: 

   "Bioeconomy as Societal Change" 

   Network of Junior Research Groups

   

                               German Federal Ministry of Education and Research 

  


This webpage is maintained by social science oriented junior research groups, including TRANSECT, supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under the Program „Bioeconomy and Societal Change“. It aims at sharing research results and at informing about ongoing research activities and related events. For detailed information please also visit our individual project websites.


   “Environing Infrastructure: Communities, Ecologies, and 

   China’s 'Green' Development in Contemporary Southeast Asia” 

   

   Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, 

   Ludwig Maximilians University Munich



Environing Infrastructure: Communities, Ecologies, and China’s “Green” Development in Contemporary Southeast Asia is a five-year research project (2020-2025) funded by the Volkswagen Foundation. It is carried out by a team of researchers based at the Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, LMU Munich. It focuses on the environmental components of Chinese large-scale infrastructure development in Southeast Asia. 


Southeast Asia, a major target for Chinese investments, is on the brink of numerous ecological crises. There is rising awareness across the region of the potentially devastating environmental impact of Chinese infrastructure projects. On the other hand, China is a crucial economic partner and a model of development. 


Environing Infrastructure studies these dynamics by engaging with local communities and Chinese planners through long-term, comparative ethnographic research. Rooted in Social Anthropology and the Environmental Humanities, it explores the nexus of infrastructure development, local ecologies, and China's "green" framing of its global ambitions. 



   

   "Roadwork: An Anthropology of Infrastructure at China's Inner Asian Borders"

   

   University of Zurich




‘ROADWORK: An Anthropology of Infrastructure at China’s Inner Asian Borders’ is a four-year research project (2018-2022) funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation and based at the Department of Social Anthropology and Cultural Studies at the University of Zurich. The project team conducts ethnographic fieldwork along roads that have been designated as key links at the Sino-Inner Asian interface of the China-initiated Silk Road Economic Belt. Archival research and GIS analysis, two further research methods employed by the team, will help to identify social relations and temporalities that are difficult to capture through ethnography, but which nonetheless powerfully affect roads and travel in this region of Asia. The conceptual aim of the project is to propose a novel framework to theorize the social life of roads through a dialogue with the concepts of place and time, and to bring decay and maintenance to the centre of anthropological enquiry.


   "China Made: Asian Infrastructures and the 'China Model' of Development"

   

   Center for Asian Studies at the University of Colorado, Boulder 

   and the Hong Kong Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences 

   at the University of Hong Kong 




Over the past decade, China has invested tremendously in infrastructure development, resulting in dramatic social and cultural changes in both rural and urban regions.  It has also promoted an infrastructural development model beyond its borders as part of a newly aggressive foreign policy. China Made is a partnership between the Center for Asian Studies (CAS) at the University of Colorado, Boulder and the Hong Kong Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of Hong Kong (HKIHSS), and is supported by an Asian Responsive Grant from The Henry Luce Foundation. China Made will explore both of domestic and international dimension of China’s infrastructure development. The project is also meant to shift the academic focus from broader geopolitical and international relations perspectives to a finer grained analysis of the infrastructures themselves and the on-the-ground social and cultural dimensions of their construction. It will involve three academic conferences – two hosted by CAS and one hosted by HKIHSS – postdoctoral and graduate research positions, and the development of online scholarly resources for project participants and the broader academic community.



  "ÖkoFlussPlan"


   Eberswalde University of Sustainable Development



Preservation of Selected Ecosystem Services in the Floodplains of Naryn / Kyrgyzstan Through Renewable Energies and Short Rotation Plantations, Including Sustainable Land and Water Management and Capacity Building,


In the semi-arid and arid climate of Central Asia, rivers and floodplains constitute important regional biodiversity hotspots and provide relevant ecosystem services. The floodplain ecosystems along the Naryn river in Kyrgyzstan are still in a largely natural state. Over a stretch of more than 600 km, its upper and middle reaches still preserved a completely unregulated dynamic river regime fostering riparian forests of rich biodiversity. The forests provide ecosystem services important for local inhabitants, such as the provision of pasture and fuel wood, recreation areas, and erosion protection. Yet, the persistence of the forests is compromised by overgrazing and excessive fuel wood extraction. In addition to that, planned hydropower plants threaten to disrupt the natural dynamics. 


The overarching goal of ÖkoFlussPlan (BMBF 2019-2022) is to preserve the floodplain forests along the Naryn River and to offer and implement sustainable solutions for the local population. The present state of biodiversity will be recorded in one project area. The current use pressure will be reduced by offering alternatives for removing wood: On the one hand, short rotation plantations will be established that can replace the wood from the forests, on the other hand modern technologies for the generation of renewable energies will be displayed as pilot facilities. The project strives for a close dialogue with the local population in order to integrate local knowledge and to communicate the project results back to the local stakeholders. Embedded in a big partner setting covering a multitude of research disciplines and implementation approaches, the activities of the Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development (HNEE) will focus on stakeholder analysis, stakeholder workshops, and capacity building.













TRANSECT
Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development
Faculty of Forest and Environment
Centre for Econics and Ecosystem Management
Schicklerstr. 5 (Haus 22.1)
16225 Eberswalde, Germany


info@transect.de  | +49 (0) 3334 657 539











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